Space as a New Operational Domain
The transformation of outer space into an autonomous operational domain represents one of the most significant shifts in contemporary strategy. In earlier decades, space was largely perceived as a technical environment, a supporting dimension that enabled communication, navigation, and observation for operations taking place on land, at sea, or in the air. Today, however, it is increasingly recognized as an independent theatre of competition, with unique physical, legal, and strategic features that cannot be reduced to other domains. Orbital mechanics create vulnerabilities and opportunities that require dedicated doctrines of employment, while the legal framework still reflects Cold War assumptions about peaceful use. The major powers now view satellites and space-based systems not as auxiliary assets but as central instruments of deterrence and operational effectiveness. Understanding this evolution requires examining how the United States, NATO, China, and Russia have adapted their doctrines, each in ways that reflect both strategic ambition and structural limitations.