Mapper Lithography BV occupies a strategically sensitive position within the European technology base because it belongs to the narrow layer of companies that worked on advanced lithography equipment rather than on semiconductor design alone. Its importance derives from the fact that control over chip production tools is increasingly inseparable from questions of industrial resilience, defence preparedness, and technological sovereignty. By developing maskless multi-beam electron-beam lithography, the company addressed a highly specialised manufacturing function with potential relevance for secure, flexible and lower-volume semiconductor production, particularly where dependence on external photomask chains or non-European process nodes becomes a strategic constraint. In that sense, Mapper is best approached not simply as a former semiconductor equipment venture, but as a case study in how Europe’s autonomy ambitions intersect with deep industrial capability, sensitive intellectual property, and the long-term contest over control of critical microelectronics infrastructure.