European Semiconductor Sector: Institutional Context and Value‑Chain Control

The European Union now treats semiconductors as critical to economic and security policy. In 2020 the world produced roughly 1 trillion chips, but EU firms accounted for only about 10 % of global production. EU policymakers responded with the European Chips Act (Sept. 2023) to mobilize some €43 billion and other support measures by 2030. The Act explici…