Emerging Technologies, Hybrid Warfare and Multi-Domain Integration

The twenty-first century has redefined the contours of war, shifting attention from the traditional battlefield to a diffuse, interconnected and constantly evolving operational space. Emerging technologies have opened unprecedented scenarios in which conflict is no longer limited to clashes between regular armies but extends to critical infrastructures, digital networks, satellites, communication systems and even the public perception shaped by social media. The notion of hybrid warfare emerges within this framework, indicating the coordinated and combined use of military, economic, technological and informational instruments to influence and destabilize adversaries without formally declaring war. Multi-domain integration complements this vision, as it implies the ability to link and synchronize land, maritime, air, space and cyber operations into a single strategic design. This transformation challenges not only technical capabilities but also the strategic culture of states, forcing a revision of consolidated concepts of deterrence, defense and sovereignty.