Article 3 and Civil Resilience in NATO Deterrence

Civil preparedness and societal resilience as foundations of NATO deterrence and collective defence in an era of hybrid and systemic threats.

The strategic landscape of the Euro-Atlantic area has undergone a profound transformation, necessitating a re-evaluation of the core tenets of collective security, particularly the foundational obligations enshrined in Article 3 of the North Atlantic Treaty. While Article 5 guarantees collective defense, Article 3 mandates that members maintain and deve…